Characters, glyphs, accents
codepages and keyboards
!needs work!
# a character is an abstraction. a Platonic ideal
a glyph is a representation of a character
a font is a numbered set of glyphs
The numbers correspond to code positions of the characters
(presented by the glyphs)
# Rules for drawing glyphs
1 clockwise
2 left to right
3 top to bottom
# Accents and special characters RISC OS
Link to RISC OS Wiki
Link to Alt-Codes
- use !chars - or key directly:-
Alt + ; for umlauts a, e, i, o, u
Alt + [ for acute accents
Alt + ] for grave accents
Alt + / for cedillas
Alt + ' for circumflex accents
examples:
Alt + [ then e é acute
Alt + ] then e è grave
Alt + ? then c ç cedilla
Alt + @ then e ê circonflex
Alt + , then n ñ enya
Alt + ; then u ö umlaut
Alt-S : … ellipsis repeats
other accented chars are available - see User manual
Alt Gr + Shift + ? ¿ spanish question mark
Alt Gr + Shift + ! ¡ spanish exclamation mark
Alt Gr + Shift + r ® Registered trade mark
Alt Gr + Shift + c © Copyright symbol
or use alt + character position on the numeric keys
(see http://www.tony-franks.co.uk/UTF-8.htm for glyphs)
# Accented characters Linux
with compose key (alt gr):
¿ ??
¡ !!
ñ ~ + n
with dead keys (quote and tilde)
é ' + e
E ' + E
ñ ~ + n
how to enable accented chars in linux change linux do it -
http://stefaanlippens.net/accented-characters-on-qwerty-keyboard
http://wiki.linuxquestions.org/wiki/Accented_Characters
http://spanish.about.com/od/writtenspanish/a/dia_ubuntu.htm
# Accented characters Mac
Method 1
press and hold a key to see all variations of that character
then select with mouse or key the number below the character
Method 2
press and hold option key(alt) + e then vowel for acute
press and hold option key(alt) + ` then vowel for grave
press and hold option key(alt) + n then n for ñ
press and hold option key(alt) + u then vowel for umlaut
Punctuation
press and hold option key(alt) + shift + ? for ¿
press and hold option key(alt) + 1 for ¡
# Accents and special characters in email encoded in UTF-8
the following were trawled from
"Spanish word of the day" Messenger
and Perdóname by Pablo Almodar Firefox Linux
á &C3 A1 E1 á
é &C3 A9 E9 é
ý &C3 AD ED í
ó &C3 B3 F3 ó
ú &C3 BA FA ú
ñ &C3 B1 F1 ñ
à $C3 93 D3 Ó
¿ &C2 BF BF ¿
⦠&E2 80 A6 8C …
# Character Entity References in HTML 4 and XHTML 1.0
http://www.elizabethcastro.com/html/extras/entities.html
&160 no-break space = non-breaking space
# chars what is that character 1?
start a taskwindow
*basic
>P.CHR$(34)
#
>P.&3D
61
>P.~480
1E0
# chars - what is that character 2?
StrongED information bar extreme left has a toggle field that
can display hex and decimal values of the character at the cursor.
Also StrongED - adjust click on Info button - open window
for data on character under cursor
# ASCII codes
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Strictly, ASCII (ISO 646) only defines 7 bit codes
ISO-8859-1(Latin1) is an 8-bit ASCII extension and is shown below
+ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
+ 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
0 0
16 1
32 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 2
48 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? 3
64 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 4
80 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ 5
96 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 6
112 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ 7
128 8
144 9
160 ¡ § £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ® ¯ 10
176 ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ 11
192 À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï 12
208 Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß 13
224 à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï 14
240 ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ 15
add the down index to the across index for character code number
# documentation sources for chars keycodes wimpkey
for values and uses of ascii control codes see:-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_Control_1
ADFS::HardDisc5.$.DOCZ.IYOhardware.keysmouse.scancodes2
ADFS::HardDisc5.$.APPZ.R1.!Routines.Routines.swis wimp_key
keyboard status byte viz shows what keys are pressed or held down
see risc os manual for Latin2 alphabet table etc
there is a table of ASCII codes in the ConvText manual (Strong Help)
there is a table of ASCII codes in the BASIC manual (Strong Help)
to use it - find char, add the down index to the across index
eg1. for SPC = 0+32
eg2. for "z" = 10+112
reverse eg1. for &3D -> 13+ 48 = "="
reverse eg2. for &7E -> 14+112 = "~"
# Clipboard
# Clipboard - IcnClipBrd
To use IcnClipBrd to access the contents of writable icons, the caret
must be in such an icon. The following keys will now work:
* Ctrl-V pastes the global clipboard into the icon.
* Ctrl-Z clears the icon, then pastes the clipboard in.
* Ctrl-C copies the contents of the icon to the clipboard.
* Ctrl-X cuts the contents to the clipboard (copy then clear).
* Ctrl-D de-DOSifies the filename in the icon
(eg. "NOTES/TXT" would become "Notes").
* Ctrl-E extracts the extension only
(eg. "NOTES/TXT" would become "TXT").
* Ctrl-K deletes everything left of the cursor (not saved to the
clipboard).
* Ctrl-Q passes the next keypress on to the task as though IcnClipBrd
wasn't loaded.
* Ctrl-U, clears the icon as usual.
# Clipboard support in DTP apps (Artworks using text area)
from to paste SaveAs SAs+style DnD
AW * AW / / x * see note
EW AW x / x /
OP AW x / x /
P+ AW x / x .
SE AW x / . /
AW EW . / . .
OP EW / / x (DDL) /
P+ EW / / / no styles .
SE EW / / . /
AW OP . / . .
EW OP / / x error msg /
P+ OP / / x .
SE OP / / . /
AW P+ . / . .
EW P+ / / / (via RTF) /
OP P+ / / x (DDL) /
SE P+ / / . /
AW SE . / x .
EW SE / / x /
OP SE / / x /
P+ SE / / x .
Xara SE /
SE Xara /
* note to copy text from ArtWorks text line to AW text area:
select the text line
export as text with selection ticked
drop onto AW window
choose clipboard
select AW text area
ctrl-v to paste text from the clipboard
# Key Combination Shortcuts
# Cursor copying
this works in StrongEd windows including Task windows
Press shift-End - a red box appears (A9 beeps but no box but ok)
arrow key up the line to be copied
press End to copy one character at a time
# Close all windows
Ctrl-Alt-Select click on a window's close icon closes all windows at
the same nesting level. This is intended for nested-wimp apps but
the effect on a "normal" window is to close ALL windows on the desktop.
And on the iconise icon it iconises all windows.
# CSD set current directory
- set the CSD with *Dir Path$ where Path$ is a full directory path.
- ctrl shift tab and mouse pointer (StrongEd) - not A9Home
- use Filer>>Set Directory
- $/DOCS/ARCHIVE/HTML/ARCHIVE/VOLUME15/15_07/15_07_/PT17.HTM
has documentation of CSD URD and CSL
# Hide all StrongEd windows - ctrl shift H
# Bring Icon bar iconbar to the front - shift-f12
# Lose focus in a window - ctrl-F7 (stronged)
# Tabs
StrongEd - mark block then >>block >process >tab to spaces
StrongEd - sF4... !x Advanced search, \t,"....." (tab to dots)
realvnc client on mac with hp keyboard to risc os
Cmd key operates as Alt for renaming files
eg - as in Alt+Select on filename in filer
Alt key does not operate as Alt + nnn for characters
eg Alt 123 -> 123
but Alt+n followed by n gives an enya - ñ
(on risc os use Alt+, n for enya)
¬ use alt+l
| use key marked ~#
# use- alt+3
the key next to Return legend (#~) outputs (\|)
the key next to left-shft legend (\|) outputs (`~)
# UTF-8 Unicode
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8
In August 1992, this proposal was circulated by an IBM X/Open
representative to interested parties. Ken Thompson of the Plan 9
operating system group at Bell Labs then made a small but crucial
modification to the encoding, making it very slightly less bit-
efficient than the previous proposal but allowing it to be self-
synchronizing, meaning that it was no longer necessary to read from
the beginning of the string to find code point boundaries. Thompson's
design was outlined on September 2, 1992, on a placemat in a New
Jersey diner with Rob Pike. The following days, Pike and Thompson
implemented it and updated Plan 9 to use it throughout, and then
communicated their success back to X/Open.[10]
Last
Bits code point Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4 Byte 5 Byte 6
7 U+007F 0xxxxxxx
11 U+07FF 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
16 U+FFFF 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
21 U+1FFFFF 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
26 U+3FFFFFF 111110xx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
31 U+7FFFFFFF 1111110x 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
(the x's are replaced by the bits of the code point):
example how to encode é in UTF-8
é is 0xE9 is 1110 1001
therefore needs two bytes to encode 110..... 10......
inserting into encoding pattern: """"""11 ""101001
expanding 11000011 10101001
which is C3 A9
>>> UTF-8
example how to decode ñ in UTF-8
ñ is C3 B1
... 110-. ..11 10-11 0001
... 1111 0001
... F1 - 241 - ñ
more worked examples
00E0;agrave;LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE
00000000 11100000 : ......11 ..100000 : 11000011 10100000 : C3A0
00E7;ccedilla;LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
00000000 11100111 : .....111 ..000111 : 11000011 10100111 : C3A7
00E9;eacute;LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE
00000000 11101001 : ......11 ..101001 : 11000011 10101001 : C3A9
00E8;egrave;LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE
00000000 11101000 : ......11 ..101000 : 11000011 10101000 : C3A8
00F1;ntilde;LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE
00000000 11110001 : ......11 ..110001 : 11000011 10110001 : C3B1
How these characters are displayed depends on the encoding used.
In a Unicode enabled application they will show as:
| à | ç | é | è | ñ | (using html entities)
the next line is hard coded and should be the same as above:
| à | ç | é | è | ñ | (using inserted characters)
If the wrong encoding support is used some codes may be interpreted
as control characters and odd things may occur.
With ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) the above codes may appear like this:
| à | ç | é | è | ñ | (using html entities)
# Setting Num Lock
> You could try a BASIC program :-
>
> SYS "OS_Byte",202,4,251
> SYS "OS_Byte",118
# Setting Caps Lock (*FX 202)
The command to turn Caps Lock on, leaving other settings unchanged,
is *FX 202,0,239.
The shortened form *FX 202,32 should turn Caps Lock on, but may have
side effects.
Note also that, to make sure that the LED indicators are correctly
updated after a *FX 202 command, it is a good idea to follow it
with the simple command *FX 118.
The bits of the keyboard status byte have the following meanings:
bit value meaning
0 (1) 0 Alt off
1 Alt on
1 (2) 0 Scroll Lock off
1 Scroll Lock on
2 (4) 0 Num Lock on
1 Num Lock off
3 (8) 0 Shift off
1 Shift on
4 ( 16) 0 Caps Lock on
1 Caps Lock off
5 (32) ("Normally set")
6 (64) 0 Ctrl off
1 Ctrl on
7 (128) 0 Shift enable off
1 Shift enable on
# Assigning keycodes
I want to remap 3 unused keys on my USB keyboard and have found the
following promising-looking modules:
James Peacock's 'KeyMapper' (from the ROOL website)
Richard Spencer's 'DesktopKeyMap' (from inside !HID)
IfThere .KeyMapper Then Rmensure KeyMapper 0.01 RmLoad
.KeyMapper
*KeyMap 96 113
*KeyMap 16 112
© JR 2013